Main telephone: 202.488.0400 The devastating economic effects of lockdown measures have pressured all governments to find a workable balance between public health concerns and citizens economic needs. In this way, militarism and imperialism broadened Fascism's appeal. (May 10 TZ2), In what ways, and to what extent, was propaganda important in the rise and rule of Hitler? 4.5/5. He is currently working on a dissertation about missionaries, theology, and empire in the 18th and 19th centuries. Washington, DC 20036-2103. Compare and contrast the conditions that led to the rise to power of two authoritarian/single-party leaders. Key Weaknesses Plaguing Authoritarians. Power is concentrated in the hands of a single leader or a . 'Hitler and his party would never have come to power without the severe economic and political crisis that engulfed Germany from 1929 onwards' - Overy. The Chinese embassy in Paris issued a formal statement saying Lus comments were not a policy declaration but the expression of personal viewpoints during a television interview. Josef Stalin ruled the Soviet Union from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953. Four key weaknesses are manifest. Japan still had a problem of too few natural resources, and they needed minerals, timber, and oil from abroad. Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social division; impact of war; weakness of political system, 2.) And despite their differences, the fact that they all happened in a similar time period suggests that there was some global pattern making them all possible. Though this massacre was never acknowledged, some Japanese leaders privately justified it as necessary to "pacify" ("make peaceful") the Chinese population, whom they saw as members of an inferior nation. Estonias foreign minister, Margus Tsahkna, said he was seeking to find out why China has such a position or comments about the Baltic states. As the coronavirus has spread, many political observers have warned that it is bolstering authoritarianism globally. This topic focuses on exploring the conditions that facilitated the rise of authoritarian states in the 20th century, as well as the methods used by parties and leaders to take and maintain power. Last August, he sparked outrage by suggesting Taiwanese people would need to be re-educated following a Chinese takeover of the self-ruled island, while during the Covid pandemic he suggested France was abandoning old people in nursing homes. The kulaks are just one example. 1 Not only is the proportion of authoritarian states on the decline, but the proportion of authoritarian states that have institutions conventionally associated . To probe the potential political consequences of the pandemic for authoritarian regimes, it is useful to look more closely at why many have fallen short in their responses to the coronavirus. 90-92 - How did Castro deal with the continuing US attempts to oust him? These decisions affected political officials, army members, peasants, ethnic minorities, artists, scientists, intellectuals, foreigners, and ordinary Soviet citizens. Stalin was obsessively focused on getting rid of enemies. How did Mussolini strengthen the power of the Fascist party? Emergence of authoritarian states Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social division; impact of war; weakness of political system. To what extent did economic factors contribute to the emergence of two authoritarian states, each from a di erent region? -continued to have a relationship Mistake #2: Using The Terms Interchangeably. Angry, aggrieved citizens are not a solid foundation for regime durability. This is a list of key notes that you can use in paper 2 as the most important factors that need to be studied as recommended by the History guide. Direct link to Yagnesh Peddatimmareddy's post mussolini created a dicta, Posted a month ago. These tactics worked at a time when communists felt threatened by both fascists and capitalist democracies in Europe. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. Sources in the CBI told The Sunday Guardian that the Bureau is likely to widen the scope . We include resources for teaching with limited class time, for English/Language Arts, and for History classes. Thus, despite the spike in repressive measures that the coronavirus has produced so far, the medium- to long-term prospects for many authoritarian governments are less certain today than they were before the pandemic hit. -unmarried men 35+ were taxed more Thousands of Germans waited in lines for work and food in the early 1920s. Battle for Land: Success (decreased unemployment because people had to drain swamps and plough land) With reference to Castro (Cuba) or Nasser (Egypt), to what extent did the use of force contribute tomaintenance of power? Social and economic policies in authoritarian states did not always achieve their aims.. In fact, the German military had quietly sought an end to the war it could no longer win in 1918. However, their solution was "Italianization." However, in Indonesia the democratic process was suspended altogether and after about a decade of independence . Use of legal methods; use of force; charismatic leadership; dissemination of . competitive authoritarian regimes "contest seriously for power" (2010a, 5). This is not war, one wounded soldier wrote home. These questions will help you get a better understanding of the concepts and arguments that are presented in the article. -Tried to limit Hitler's powers as chancellor in 1932. "The conditions in which authoritarian states emerged were mainly determined by economic factors." Discuss with reference to two authoritarian states. 94-5. Use tab to navigate through the menu items. In 1932, ninety-nine people were killed in the streets in one month. NARRATOR: The German President Frank-Walter Steinmeier warned this year that there is a "worldwide fascination with authoritarianism".. 96. Historical Conditions. At the end of the third read, you should be able to respond to these questions: In this unit we see the rise of governments that have certain political characteristics. 85-86 - What challenges did he face in 1959 and how did he overcome them in the years that followed? Green Politics Could Have an Outsized Impact on Trkiyes Elections, Malcolm H. Kerr Carnegie Middle East Center, Democracy, Conflict, and Governance Program. She has taught at Sonoma State University and Stanford. (Bay of Pigs; Cuban Missile Crisis). China downgraded diplomatic ties with Lithuania and pressured multinationals to sever links with it in December 2021 after the Baltic nation, which has long favoured a hard EU line on Beijing, allowed Taiwan to open a de facto embassy in Vilnius. When nobody stopped them, they became bolder and more aggressive. Four key weaknesses are manifest. 1.) 95 - Outline why the Rectification Campaign of 1986 was launched, and what were the results'. Effective national public health responses to the pandemic require not just clear, consistent mandates from the top, but integrated approaches in which regional and local authorities can take initiative, adapt responses to local conditions, and report critical information up the line. Tsahkna added: I hope that there will be an explanation. In the aftermath of World War I, Germans struggled to understand their countrys uncertain future. 82 - How did Castro establish his government, and what challenges arose? Lithuanias foreign minister, Gabrielius Landsbergis, said the diplomats would be asked to explain if Chinas position has changed and reminded were not post-Soviet countries but countries that were illegally occupied by the Soviet Union. What did this demonstrate about. In a complex, changing, and increasingly contested world, the Carnegie Endowment generates strategic ideas and independent analysis, supports diplomacy, and trains the next generation of international scholar-practitioners to help countries and institutions take on the most difficult global problems and safeguard peace. The Fascists soon followed up with assaults throughout the region. In 1931, Japanese forces invaded Manchuria, in China. Paper 2 Section Description Authoritarian States Course Companion Book This topic focuses on exploring the conditions that facilitated the rise of authoritarian states in the 20th century, as well as the methods used by parties and leaders to take and maintain power. 3. More than one third of all German men aged 19 to 22 were killed. Before the onset of the Great Depression in Germany in 1929-1930, the National Socialist German Workers' Party (or Nazi Party for short) was a small party on the radical right of the German political spectrum. According to . Methods used to establish authoritarian states: persuasion and coercion; the role of leaders; ideology; the use of force; propaganda. Moreover, most authoritarianswhatever the quality of their pandemic policiesface enormous new economic pressures as a result of the virus. Standards of behavior were changing. The conquest of Ethiopia prompted Fascists to set harsher boundaries of who could be assimilated and who could not. The Path to Nazi Genocide, NARRATOR: These crackdowns impede effective public health responses, given that civil society can be a crucial partner to governmentsespecially for authoritarians with weak state capacity, such as those in many countries in Africa, former Soviet states, and the Middle Eastin terms of collecting and distributing accurate and timely health-related information and delivering resources and care. For instance, the Versailles treaty of Germany after the first world war led to resistance as some political powers felt humiliated by the agreements that were to be signed by the parties. Nationalism, independence movements And Chinese leaders are working to dilute the liberal norms and erode human rights protections that are . This had important consequences, because colonial policy in Ethiopia provided the basis for Italy's antisemitic race laws in 1938. This document contains: The emergence of authoritarian states: Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: Economic factors. - Outline Castro's health and education policies. Topic 10 Authoritarian states (20th century) 19. Causes and effects of war: Chinese Civil War, H/L The People's Republic of China 1949-2005, http://www.zerohedge.com/news/2016-03-09/guest-post-message-voting-cattle?page=1, http://paxonbothhouses.blogspot.jp/2014/10/hitler-i-am-acting-as-agent-of-our.html, Cambridge paper - re.opposition to Nazism, http://www.casahistoria.net/ibrevision.htm, In 1943, hundreds of German women saved their Jewish husbands from deathcamps, Propaganda in Authoritarian States - Trump's laughter and clapping instigators, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YpHRvuVvrDU, https://medium.com/@laurennreiff/how-do-you-think-nazism-happened-4662332b6c4b, www.youtube.com/watch?v=b1Zxy3Z2i34&has_verified=1, https://www.ted.com/talks/sviatlana_tsikhanouskaya_how_to_be_fearless_in_the_face_of_authoritarianism?utm_source=newsletter_daily&utm_campaign=daily&utm_medium=email&utm_content=button__2020-11-12#t-24, "Final Account" taken from The Guardian 12/03/2021. It started with a string of violent clashes in the northern part of Italy beginning in 1920. How was authoritarianism implemented in Italy? - abortion and divorce were illegal, -Racism appeared a bit in Romanita movement: 'prestigious race' needed to create and maintain empire Use of legal methods; use of force; charismatic leadership; dissemination of propaganda, - ABYSSINIA: Italy decides to invade Abyssinia (won and took steps towards rebuilding roman empire) Many veterans and other citizens struggled to understand Germanys defeat and the uncertain future. The German banking system collapsed, and by 1930 unemployment skyrocketed to 22%. We draw on over a decade of fieldwork in the Salween River Basin where dams and diversions have been proposed since 1979, including the most recent iteration, the Yuam . The mixed record of authoritarians responses to the coronavirus undercuts any simple conclusion that the pandemic will bolster authoritarianism globally over the long term. EU leaders are expected to discuss China policy in June after a recent trip by Emmanuel Macron exposed differences in approach towards handling Xi Jinpings authoritarian rule. Building Civil Society In Authoritarian China Importance Of . But on the whole, these tendencies have been much less marked among democracies compared to autocracies. The unstable authoritarian pathway that so many states followed after colonial rule was . By the end of the second close read, you should be able to answer the following questions: Finally, here are some questions that will help you focus on why this article matters and how it connects to other content youve studied. How were German and Italian justifications for expansion similar? Although not really fascist, these governments were heavily influenced by military and industrial leaders because both sectors wanted Japan to take over territories in Asia. Photo of Mussolini and Hitler standing next to each other, each dressed in their military uniforms. Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social division; impact of war; weakness of political system, Methods used to establish authoritarian states: persuasion and coercion; the role of leaders; ideology; the use of force; propaganda, Use of legal methods; use of force; charismatic leadership; dissemination of propaganda, Nature, extent and treatment of opposition, The impact of the success and/or failure of foreign policy on the maintenance of power, Aims and impact of domestic economic, political, cultural and social policies, The impact of policies on women and minorities, Authoritarian control and the extent to which it was achieved. Although many Japanese civilians were not supportive of these military efforts, it became dangerous to question the government or the military. From this year onward, Italy moved closer and closer to the Nazi position. The projection of national power overseas resonated with many Italians. It is the ending of the world. Half of all Frenchmen aged 20 to 32 at wars outbreak were dead when it was over. In the early 1930s, the frequency of elections was dizzying. (May 10 TZ1), Assess the importance of economic distress and ideological appeal in the rise to power of one left-wing and one right-wing single-party ruler. Photo of young Italian boys wearing Ballilla uniforms. How was Stalin similar to and different from Hitler and Mussolini? Beijing on Monday sought to defuse the row. Try as they will to distort reality and spin fables, the many nondemocratic leaders and regimes that have stumbled in tackling the pandemic now face citizens with powerful new grounds for grievance and distrust. We have won power in Germany. World history topic 10: Authoritarian states (20th century) This topic focuses on exploring the conditions that facilitated the rise of authoritarian states in the 20th century, as well as the methods used by parties and leaders to take and maintain power. A third phrase promoting the "chosen leader" view in the contemporary political context is perhaps the most dangerous, and that is the idea of an "end-time judge" who declares what is good . The Nazis were revolutionaries who wanted to radically transform Germany. In Iran, in late February as the coronavirus began spreading through the country, Shia clerics vociferously resisted government demands that major shrines be closedan encapsulation of the power of the countrys religious establishment. All rights reserved. One senior EU diplomat said the EU needed to do better in handling relations with China and find a unified line. Alternatively, some regimes also must grapple with the demands of influential societal sectors, even at the expense of delaying the governments response to the pandemic. During this time, about one-third of the Communist Party's three million members were killed. These laws defined who had "German" blood and who did not. - How did Cuba survive this economic crisis according to Balfour? To what extent was authoritarian control achieved in two 20th-century states? Of course, some authoritarian or authoritarian-leaning governments have mounted relatively effective responses to the virus: in this respect, countries like Bahrain, Singapore, the United Arab Emirates, and Vietnam come to mind. that a minimum of three authoritarian states should be studied. The major conditions that led to an authoritarian state were treaties that were signed in the 20 th century. The French president caused anger and alarm when he said Europe needed to avoid getting drawn into a US-China conflict over crises that are not ours, namely the status of Taiwan. Analyse themethods used to eliminate opposition by two single-party rulers, each chosen from a different region. Of course, some democracies have struggled with some or all of these challenges in their pandemic responses. Adolf Hitler. In January 1933, when the old war hero, President Paul von Hindenburg, invited Hitler to serve as Chancellor in a coalition government, the Nazis could hardly believe their luck. - What solutions were implemented? The result was a state that, while authoritarian, was never really totalitarian within the territory of Italy. -Massive public spending reduced unemployment. (May 08 TZ2), Analyse the rise to power of either Hitler or Lenin. Russia has lost its soft power: how war in Ukraine destabilises old Soviet allies, Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning, 2023 Guardian News & Media Limited or its affiliated companies.
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