The answer to this question can of course vary wildly based upon the flamingo and its situation, but in general, a flamingo in the wild will live for 20 to 30 years. But as with many wild species, the threat of habitat loss due to road construction and housing development is causing some populations to be threatened. That means that pretty much only zoos that are well-stocked with tasty morsels, a staff that works to keep its residents happy, and the proper physical environment flamingos need are the ones willing and able to invest the time and money to purchase one of these birds. Now, thats not to say that flamingos are completely better off living in captivity than in the wild. In captivity, flamingos live an average of 30 years. As I have already said, there is no such sing as special flamingo food. . If the zoo where flamingos are being held isnt getting enough rain for them to be fruitful and multiply, theres nothing that can be done. Saltwater is also very important as it is the main source of flamingos food. You have to be able to afford the thousands of dollars the bird itself will cost, plus obtain special licensing. Flamingos have long legs for wading in shallow water and webbed feet to keep them from sinking deep while wading. The greater flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus) is the most widespread and largest species of the flamingo family. Babies stick close to their mothers for the first 3-4 years of age, then gradually venture further until they leave their mothers at age 10. The content in this website may contain some ads and affiliate links. "Pink flamingo" redirects here. In 1989, about 100 Caribbean flamingos died in Mexicos Yucatan Peninsula from lead poisoning, due to the ingestion of lead shot. [15] The oldest known greater flamingo was a bird at the Adelaide Zoo in Australia that died aged at least 83 years. When flamingos migrate, they do so mainly at night. Christian is obsessed with any kind of animal since his early childhood. The parents regurgitate a highly nutritious bright red liquid. Until 2014, it was classified in genus Phoenicopterus. Flamingos or flamingoes[a] /flmoz/ are a type of wading bird in the family Phoenicopteridae, which is the only extant family in the order Phoenicopteriformes. We created this website to help all bird lovers and anyone thinking of adopting or buying them as pets. For example, these birds need a lot of rainfall in order to reproduce. Flamingos need up to three years to develop pink feathers, faces and legs. What Kind Of Weather Do Flamingos Like? It is also . Thanks for visiting the Louisville Zoo website! A pigment in their food gives their feathers their flamboyant pink color. By the time a chick leaves the nest, it can already walk and swim quite well. [13], Adult greater flamingos have few natural predators. Chicks are covered in gray fluffy down. . The nearly 7-year-old bird brings her colorful bill to the Louisville Zoo from the Saint Louis Zoo. They have been recorded breeding in the United Arab Emirates at three different locations in the Abu Dhabi Emirate. Males and females flamingo, live an average of about 30 years, the color darkens closer to old age, becoming a bright pink color and a child they have little noticeable pink color and appear white. In general, flamingos can live up to 30 years in the wild and up to 50 years in captivity. American, or Caribbean, flamingos are distributed throughout the Caribbean Islands and along the northern coast of South America. So, how long do flamingos live in captivity? However, since they are so social in nature there has to be a large number of them. But I will come to this later on. Greater and Chilean flamingos are larger and feed mostly on invertebrates such as brine flies, shrimps, and mollusks. For example, these birds need a lot of rainfall in order to reproduce. Flamingos seldom attack those who get too close to them. [8] The peculiar presbyornithids were used to argue for a close relationship between flamingos, waterfowl, and waders. They occasionally soar. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. Flamingos also use vocalizations and these displays to communicate between individuals or alert the group of possible danger. Project Flamingo a joint effort of the New York Zoological Society and Argentina and Chiles Plant and Wildlife Protection Agencies (CONAF) was launched in 1985 to reverse this trend through research, education, and anti-poaching patrols. Flamingos are often one of the animals that can draw large crowds to the zoo setting though. Simply raising awareness about this species can contribute to its overall protection. It is illegal to own a flamingo in Texas. Why Do Flamingos in Captivity Live So Much Longer? Flamingos aggressively defend their nesting sites. A pair of African flamingos which had not yet had their wings clipped escaped from the Wichita, Kansas, zoo in 2005. Flamingos and other native birds like swans are protected under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act. Guests are instantly drawn to our flamingoflockas they enter the San Diego Zoo. [Translated:] My red wing gives me my name; but it is my tongue that is considered savoury by epicures. Now, thats not to say that flamingos are completely better off living in captivity than in the wild. And who wouldnt be? In captivity about 25 - 40 years. , but in captivity, their average lifespan is about 40. This speed is not related to the ground but rather to the air, so they usually take off facing into the wind. An hour outside of Berlin, Tropical Islands (T.I.) However, it is easier when hand-raised because it is less fearful and aggressive than the parent-raised bird. Flamingo numbers have been steadily declining in Chile since 1987 due to egg poaching, drought, poor water management and competition with cities and mining companies for scarce water resources. Hitting 50 isnt unusual for these fowls in the wild. About the Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Keepers Remember Betty, Our Oldest Flamingo, Why are Flamingos Pink? Those in captivity though has offered a great source of research for us to learn from. But that doesnt seem to be the case for Chilean flamingos, one of the more unique species of the bird. Studer-Thiersch, A. It is illegal to own a flamingo as a pet in the US. Both the male and the female contribute to building the nest, and to protecting the nest and egg. Mainly from Bohn's Classical Library (1897)", "Historia Augusta Life of Elagabalus (Part 2 of 2)", "Backstory: Extinction of an American icon? Compared with its long legs, a flamingo's feet are relatively small. These flamingos have a long wingspan of 3.2-5.2 ft (1-1.6 m). The flamingos follow each other closely, using a variety of formations that help them take advantage of the wind currents. Flamingo pairs are monogamous and both parents help build a volcano-shaped nest, where they lay a single egg that they then incubate for about 28 days. Since their varied diet suits them to a varied range of habitats than other flamingos, Chileans are the most numerous and widespread of the South American flamingos. If the zoo where flamingos are being held isnt getting enough rain for them to be fruitful and multiply, theres nothing that can be done. How Many Chicks Does a Flamingo Have Per Year? The Migratory act is also extended to this south-central state of the United States. The Flamingo Specialist Group was created in 1978 to study, monitor, and help conserve the worlds flamingo populations. Flamingos in captivity can survive for up to 50 years, which is understood to be a fair bit longer than their wild counterparts generally do. The parents gain this color back eventually as the chicks become independent and eat on their own. ", "Osteological evidence for shorebird affinities of the flamingos", "A New Presbyornithid Bird (Aves, Anseriformes) from the Late Cretaceous of Southern Mongolia", 10.1206/0003-0082(2002)386<0001:ANPBAA>2.0.CO;2, "Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds", "Diversification of Neoaves: integration of molecular sequence data and fossils", "Morphological evidence for sister group relationship between flamingos (Aves: Phoenicopteridae) and grebes (Podicipedidae)", Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, "The contribution of fossils to the reconstruction of the higher-level phylogeny of birds", Scientists: Florida flamingos are native to the state, "The Paleogene fossil record of birds in Europe", "The Pliocene and Quaternary Flamingos of Australia", "The Miocene avifauna of the Li Mae Long locality, Thailand: systematics and paleoecology", "Fossil Birds from Manix Lake California: Descriptions of late Pleistocene bira remains, including a new species of flamingo", "Mechanical evidence that flamingos can support their body on one leg with little active muscular force", Fugitive flamingo spotted in Texas 14 years after escaping a Kansas zoo during storm, https://www.livescience.com/27322-flamingos.html, "The filter-feeding and food of flamingoes (Pheonicopteri)", "American Flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber) Fact Sheet: Behavior & Ecology", "Variation in Parental Care with Offspring Age in the Greater Flamingo", "Zolli feiert 50 Jahre Flamingozucht und Flamingosforschung", "Flamingo believed to be world's oldest dies at Adelaide Zoo aged 83", "Colchester Zoo use mirrors to help flamingos to breed", "Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia, liber x, chapter 67", "LacusCurtius Pliny the Elder's Natural History Book 10", "C. Suetonius Tranquillus, Vitellius, chapter 13, section 2", "Martial, Epigrammata, book 13, LXXI Phoenicopteri", "Martial, Epigrams. Can you imagine what such a large group of birds means to the size of their habitat? Usually, flamingos dont like to be petted. For example, these birds need a lot of rainfall in order to reproduce. For most flamingos, living in captivity probably equates to a longer lifespan. There is less heat lost through the leg if it is tucked next to the birds body; however, this behavior is also seen in hot climates. Related Read: Can Flamingos Live In Cold Weather? Adult flamingos have few natural predators, as they tend to live in inhospitable places where the lagoons are pretty bare of vegetation, so few other birds or animals come there. Twist-preen:The bird twists its neck back and appears topreenits feathers with its bill quickly. With strict guidelines in place too for entities to have Flamingos in captivity, they are in very good hands. Bradford, Alina. Flamingos live up to 20 to 30 years, but when kept in captivity, they can live up to 60 years. How many years do Flamingos live? This posture cuts heat loss through the legs and feet. The greater flamingo has no subspecies. Parents visit the crche and continue to feed their chick with the milky secretion. [36], Flamingos can open their bills by raising the upper jaw as well as by dropping the lower. But these numbers are pretty approximate - a more definitive timeline for flamingos has not yet been . DIET Keeping not domesticated animals in captivity is always expensive and there is no workaround. The individual courtship rituals tend to be subtle and inconspicuous to humans. Yes, you can buy flamingo eggs. . July 29, 2017 admintag. Zoos report ages up to 50 years regularly. In the wild flamingos eat a variety of red algae, shrimps, small fish and bivalve larvas. Those that do mate and lay eggs will have a better chance of survival without the predators around to take them or humans to take them for their own consumption. [35], The greater flamingo is the tallest of the six different species of flamingos, standing at 3.9 to 4.7 feet (1.2 to 1.4m) with a weight up to 7.7 pounds (3.5kg), and the shortest flamingo species (the lesser) has a height of 2.6 feet (0.8m) and weighs 5.5 pounds (2.5kg). They feed, nest, and breed in shallow, muddy, volcanically heated, highly mineralized lakes of the barren, desolate, windswept Andean highlands, and in scattered shallow salt encrusted lagoons of the 6000 mile long forbidding stretch of the salt flats of the Atacama desert in Northern Chile. Two at the Louisville Zoo are in their 40s. And these birds can live 4,500 meters up in the Andes, so theyre not the easiest animal to keep tabs on. You better have deep pockets. Riley, Esq., B.A., 1855), List of Phoenicopteriformes by population, "A multi-locus inference of the evolutionary diversification of extant flamingos (Phoenicopteridae)", "A Flamboyance of Flamingos and Other Brilliant Bird Group Names", "The Relationships of the Flamingos as Indicated by the Egg-White Proteins and Hemoglobins", "Reinterpreting the origins of flamingo lice: cospeciation or host-switching? However, it has been known that their lifespan can reach up to 50 years old or also longer in captivity. Why do flamingos stand on one leg? In the wild, if wherever the flamboyance has settled isnt getting the necessary amount of rain, the flamingos can fly elsewhere. Food is strained from the mud and water as it is sucked into the flamingos sieve-like bill by the pumping action of the tongue as it moves backwards and forwards. Flamingo Facts: Food Turns Feathers Pink. While many different kinds of birds were valued items in Roman food, flamingos were among the most prized in Ancient Roman cuisine. Subadult flamingos are paler with dark legs. In animal parks, humans often can directly interact with the birds. So why do I mention this fact when this section should be about dietary needs? To reduce the heat loss through their feet they will tuck up one leg at a time into their feathers. [44] The displays do not seem directed towards an individual, but occur randomly. Americanflamingos, asubspeciesof greater flamingo, are the brightest, showing their true colors of red, pink, or orange on their legs, bills, and faces. In the wild flamingos normally live 25 years long. They hold at least 11 morphological traits in common, which are not found in other birds. How Many Species Of Flamingos Are There? But it is very unlikely that you have everything it takes to get permission as a private person. HABITAT In order to fly, flamingos need to run a few paces to gather speed. "Basle Zoo", pp. The name flamingo comes from Portuguese or Spanish flamengo ("flame-colored"), which in turn comes from Provenal flamenc a combination of flama ("flame") and a Germanic-like suffix -ing. [12] In the wild, the average lifespan is 30 40 years. [44] These displays stimulate "synchronous nesting" (see below) and help pair up those birds that do not already have mates. The largest male flamingos have been recorded at up to 187cm (74in) tall and 4.5kg (9.9lb).[6]. Flamingos generally are long-legged, long necked water birds. Keeping not domesticated animals in captivity is always expensive and there is no workaround. [42] Before breeding, flamingo colonies split into breeding groups of about 15 to 50 birds. Tracking these things in a wild environment, especially the ones flamingos hang out in, is very difficult. Yes, you can train a flamingo. Yes, it is right. Get the best flamingo content and product offers right to your email inbox for free! These huge breeding colonies perform ritualized displays that provide the necessary stimulation to ready them for breeding simultaneously. They breed in the water or very close to it, in colonies of up to several hundred thousand individuals. Flamingos, on the other hand, may attack you if they feel threatened or if they believe you are a threat to their nest. [47], After the chicks hatch, the only parental expense is feeding. An alternative theory is that standing on one leg reduces the energy expenditure for producing muscular effort to stand and balance on one leg. However, you really shouldnt eat flamingos as they are protected by the Migratory Bird Act. A flamingo's plumage is a distinctive pink color with black flight feathers along the edges of the wings. September 18. The flamingo's pink or red color comes from itsfood, including algae and shrimp. Not even zoo administrators can make the rain come. Parents recognize their own young by their voice and will feed no others. The Migratory Bird Act of 1918, which bars an individual from keeping a flamingo as a pet also covers California. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. Flamingos at zoos and other enclosures have some serious advantages over their friends out there roughin it. [16][17], A subadult (top) with an adult (bottom) in flight. Backtobirds is a community of writers and enthusiasts passionate about birds. This is compared to 25 or 30 years in the wild so that shows they do very well in such an environment. , and theres a steep barrier to entry. [1] That means, that it is illegal to keep wild animals in captivity. You can get flamingo eggs to buy from licensed breeders. You will need a large fenced-in area with a big pond. Members are our strongest champions of animal conservation and wildlife research. Have in mind that you will have to buy far more than one bird, so this initial investment adds up quickly. Scientists arent sure. Why Do Flamingos in Captivity Live So Much Longer? After egg laying, both sexes continue to build on the nest for days, using mud, stones, grass, and feathers. A flamingo can be taught to eat soaked dog kibble out of a cup. Neighboring nests are built very close, and bickering between nest mound occupants is common. Interestingly, the fossil record shows that these graceful birds inhabited the content for millions of years, although the disappearance of large salt lakes in the outback probably led to their demise. Once shed, flamingo feathers quickly lose their color. They usually live in the shallows of salt or brackish water or alkaline lakes. Chilean flamingos are subjected to frequent rain, sleet, and snowstorms. Earlier genetic studies, such as those of Charles Sibley and colleagues, also supported this relationship. Long legs let flamingos wade into deeper water than most other birds to look for food. For a bird, to live thirty years very much, compared to, for example, other birds. Life Cycle . Make a donation to the Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute today! This way they don't lose the colors on their feathers that come from the Beta Carotene in those foods sources. It is closely related to James's flamingo, and the two make up the genus Phoenicoparrus. The iris is yellow. Both males and females in these groups perform synchronized ritual displays. Flamingos swim readily. The top of the mound is concave so that any egg laid does not fall off. The price of one flamingo can range between 2500 and 3500 $ and is only the starting point. Chilean, Andean, and puna flamingos are found in South America; greater and lesser flamingos live in Africa, with greaters also found in the Middle East; the American or Caribbean flamingois native to Mexico, the Caribbean, and the northernmost tip of South America. American flamingos are a brighter red color because of the beta carotene availability in their food while the lesser flamingos are a paler pink due to ingesting a smaller amount of this pigment. If the zoo where flamingos are being held isnt getting enough rain for them to be fruitful and multiply. After reading this article you will know why flamingos arent a good choice when you decide on a pet. Andean flamingos aren't the rarest flamingos in the world. (Pigeons and dovesColumbidaealso produce crop milk (just in the glands lining the crop), which contains less fat and more protein than flamingo crop milk. Chemicals in the plankton turn the flamingo's feathers pink. In this article, we'll tell you everything you need to . They can travel approximately 600 km (373 miles) in one night at about 50 to 60 kph (31-37 mph). The flamingo can live for up to 20 years in the wild. Share the story of this animal with others. Flamingos have no set breeding season, because breeding is highly linked to rainfall levels, which must be high enough to provide an adequate food supply. There are six species in total; four are found in the Americas and two in the old world. The Zoos Chilean flamingo flock, also called a flamboyance, will feature an impressive 89 birds (up from 38). In the wild, the average lifespan is 30 - 40 years. A baby flamingo costs between $500 and $700. Flamingos living without borders dont experience those same luxuries in the swamps and lagoons they call home. In the wild flamingos normally live 25 years long. It also has a straight, pink bill and swollen pink legs, both of which turn black within a week. Estimates of how long flamingos in the wild live range from 20 to 30 years. Marching:The large, tightly packedflockwalks together as one, before switching direction abruptly. Head-flagging:Stretching the neck with head up high and rhythmically turning the head from side to side. In East Africa, more than one million lesser flamingos may gather together, forming the largest flock known among birds today. When 2-3 weeks old the chicks grow a second downy, gray plumage, their beaks begin to bend and the leg swelling and red in the beak disappear. Theses group displays seem to bring all the birds of the colony to the same readiness to mate, to ensure rapid, synchronized egg laying as soon as conditions allow. Factors Affecting the Lifespan of . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22697360A155527405.en, "Greater Flamingo - Facts, Diet & Habitat Information", "Zolli feiert 50 Jahre Flamingozucht und Flamingosforschung", "Greater, the 83-year-old Adelaide Zoo flamingo, dies", "Flamingo believed to be world's oldest dies at Adelaide Zoo aged 83", Performing greater flamingos in open field, Article with video about Greater Flamingo at avibirds.com, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greater_flamingo&oldid=1143765352, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 9 March 2023, at 19:12. Adult greater flamingos have few natural predators. I recommend choosing a species that is domesticated and more suitable as a pet. You have to be able to afford the thousands of dollars the bird itself will cost, plus obtain special licensing. After hatching, the chick stays on the nest mound for 5 to 12 days. The primary threats to flamingo populations are bacteria, toxins, and pollution in water supplies, which is usually run-off from manufacturing companies, and encroachment on their habitat. . For the film, see, Both forms of the plural are attested, according to the. Flamingos are wild animals and thus prohibited to be owned by an individual under the Migratory Bird Act. The reason for this behaviour is not fully understood. , which is understood to be a fair bit longer than their wild counterparts generally do. They studied various captive flocks, with ages of individuals ranging from 1-60 years old. You have to be able to afford the thousands of dollars the bird itself will cost, plus obtain special licensing. I already mentioned that flamingos have very special needs. That is a little different if they live in captivity with proper care. Chile has now established a national flamingo reserve around one of the lakes used by the birds for breeding colonies and is taking steps to protect other lakes for the flamingos. The oldest flamingo in the world is over 75 years old and resides at the Adelaide Zoo in Australia. Researchers have observed that Flamingos do not do well in small numbers. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. Using its feet, the bird stirs up the mud, then sucks water through its bill and filters out small shrimp, seeds, blue-green algae, microscopic organisms, and mollusks. Flamingos are one of the species of birds protected by law. Therefore I will guide you to legislative regulations, care, costs and everything else that is important if you want to keep flamingos as pets. Wild: Freshwater sand fleas, tiny snail larvae and minute shrimp-like copepods. Additionally, catching wild birds is illegal in many countries and prices for an individual are high if you find a licensed breeder. She will share her new home in rotation with the Zoos hyacinth macaws. They also live in many elevations down to sea level. However, there is plenty of opposition to it out there in society. The bill is white or pale pink with the tip black to just beyond the bend. Everything you can buy for other birds wont fit the size and needs of a flamingo. What's New at the Smithsonians National Zoo This Summer? [43] The members of a group stand together and display to each other by stretching their necks upwards, then uttering calls while head-flagging, and then flapping their wings. Please note, comments must be approved before they are published. But thats different when the bird is in a totally controlled setting. If the zoo where flamingos are being held isnt getting enough rain for them to be fruitful and multiply. Parts of Africa, S. Europe and S. and SW Asia (most widespread flamingo). The three flamingo recipes in the De re coquinaria (On the Subject of Cooking) involve the whole creature: Suetonius mentions flamingo tongues in his Life of Vitellius:[57]. Male flamingoes of all species are. Of course, flamingos will fly away if you dont implement measures to avoid it. [48] Both the male and the female feed their chicks with a kind of crop milk, produced in glands lining the whole of the upper digestive tract (not just the crop). However, if you must own one as a pet, you need to obtain a special license. A precursor to the other lesions (100% of the examined flamingos affected) Fissures. Since then, over 389 flamingos have grown up in Basel and been distributed to other zoos around the globe. Flamingos in captivity can survive for up to 50 years, which is understood to be a fair bit longer than their wild counterparts generally do. That said, like with other flamingos, their lifespans in the wild arent fully understood. The lifespan of a flamingo depends on a variety of factors, including its species, diet, and environment. This helps them filter very fine particles, such as algae, through their bill and keep bigger particles out. Flamingos like company! How to care for baby birds the ultimate guide, How to care for rats the ultimate guide. The lifespan of flamingos in the wild is between 20 to 30 years. . Flamingos can as fast as 30 to 40 mphs. A growing body of evidence over the years suggests that at least some American flamingos in Florida have arrived on their own from outside of the state. [19] In 2020, the family had three recognized genera, according to HBW. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. All of the alligators on this list are American alligators there is only one other extant species of alligator, the Chinese alligator. By this means flamingos can be kept even in cold countries like Canada. Eggs and chicks may be eaten by raptors, crows, gulls, and the marabou stork (Leptoptilos crumenifer); an estimated half of the predation of greater flamingo eggs and chicks is from the yellow-legged gull (Larus michahellis).[14]. Estimates of how long flamingos in the wild live range from 20 to 30 years. So, how long do flamingos live in captivity? Many people love the Flamingo and without them being in zoos in captivity they would never get to see them in person. [44] Copulation usually occurs during nest building, which is sometimes interrupted by another flamingo pair trying to commandeer the nesting site for their use. You have to buy one from a professional breeder which is hard to find. He enjoys spotting birds in Indian forests and frequently attends various nature camps. When they are two weeks old, the chicks congregate in groups, called "microcrches", and their parents leave them alone. Find Out More, The Louisville Zoo is happy to announce that, with the recent addition of 49 Chilean flamingos, it is now hosting the largest Chilean flock in North America. Not just anyone can own a flamingo, and theres a steep barrier to entry. The filtering of food items is assisted by hairy structures called lamellae, which line the mandibles, and the large, rough-surfaced tongue. Breeding begins when a chimp is 13-15 years of age. (2000). They are wild animals that have special needs most people simply cant meet. . Diatoms, red algae and blue-green algae, adult and larval forms of small insects, crustaceans, mollusks, small fishes, and crustaceans are what the flamingo needs to live. Breeding pairs alternately share egg-sitting duties so at least one parent guards the egg at all times. No. The Andean flamingo is considered the rarest of the flamingo species. Additionally, he takes care of pets of friends and makes his garden an oasis for wild species in his environment. REPRODUCTION . It was previously thought to be the same species as the American flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber), but because of coloring differences of its head, neck, body, and bill, the two flamingos are now most commonly considered separate species. In Zoo Basel's breeding program, over 400 birds have been hatched with between 20 and 27 per year since 2000. Its nutritional value is similar to the milk mammals produce! Many of these characteristics have been previously identified on flamingos, but not on grebes. Two at the Louisville Zoo are in their 40's. REPRODUCTION . They fly with necks and legs outstretched and wings slowly beating. A pair of African flamingos which had not yet had their wings clipped escaped from the Wichita, Kansas, zoo in 2005. But flamingo chicks are sometimes preyed upon by eagle species. Reviewed by : Expert Team of Ornithologists, Avian Veterinarians and Birders. You'll learn even more and share the importance of saving species with classmates and teachers, too. While flamingos live and feed in salt water, they prefer to drink water with less salt. These large colonies are believed to serve three purposes for the flamingos: avoiding predators, maximizing food intake, and using scarce suitable nesting sites more efficiently.
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